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Caissa is the Goddess (muse) of Chess. The name is taken from a nymph in a poem composed by Sir William Jones in 1763. It is based on Vida’s ‘Scacchia ludus’, in which the nymph is referred to as ‘Scacchis’ (Chess Mythology - see: Chess-Poster.com). Each player has to Calculate with accuracy all combination, all variation he is playing (Chess Practice). Cambridge Spring 1904 - «Welcome to my web site dedicated to the Cambridge Springs 1904 chess tournament and related topics. Please sign my guestbook before you leave. Comments are appreciated.» «New to this site (November 2005): Please check out the nice analysis of the Barry vs. Marshall game by Life Master A.J. Goldsby I. Marshall demonstrates nice technique in this near-miniature game. New to this site (October 2005): Please check out the deep analysis of the Marshall vs. Chigorin game by Life Master A.J. Goldsby I. Marshall holds his own in Round 1 against one of the world's best players at the time.» «The tournament site... The Hotel Rider in Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania. The Participants: In the spring of 1904 Americans and Europeans squared off in a single round-robin tournament, where each of the 16 players played each other player one game. Seven of the world's top ten players participated, including the following: «However, the young American, Frank J. Marshall of Brooklyn, NY won the tournament by going undefeated, winning the first prize of $1,000. Marshall went on to become the official U.S. champion for 26 years (1909-1936). Marshall also founded the Marshall Chess Club which is still in operation today in New York City. The story of the tournament was captured in a nice article in Pittsburgh History magazine.» «See my Links page for more information about the tournament and the town of Cambridge Springs. Cambridge Springs 2004» (Chess Practice - Chess History - Chess-Theory Link Collection). A Candidate is a player who competes in the eliminating contest for the privilege to challenge the World Chess Champion. The Candidates’ matches (or Tournament) are the final eliminating stage of the competition to decide the World Champion’s opponent in the title match (Chess Practice - see: Chess-Poster.com). In a given game a player has to play and is confronted to the difficult problem of the choice. After having studied carefully the position he selects a small number of moves; this ones are names Candidate Moves. Usually you may select 6 moves; it is a reasonable average choice. The second stage consists in separately examining each selected move, to measure precisely its advantages and inconveniences. Finally the third stage is the final choice of the appropriate answer. This one is usually one of the 6 candidate moves, but exceptionally it happens that it is not the case. (Chess Methodology - Soviet School learning). In a legal move a piece (pawn or figure) comes from the Start Square S and reaches a New Square N. If N is occupied by an enemy piece (other that the King, evidently!) this one is captured. The captured opponent piece is taken from the chessboard and removed from the game (i.e. this piece does not appear any more in future positions of this game, except possibly by promotion) (Chess Rule). Castle is the result of the Castling (move) (Classical Chess Theory). The Short Castle is the Castle on the Kingside (see: Kingside) (CCT II - "Moving Figures §D"). The Long Castle is the Castle on the Queenside (see: Queenside) (CCT II - "Moving Figures §D"). One player castles short and the other long. As a result you assist then very often to a Opposite Wing Battle (OWBA:) (Chess Theory). Both players castle on the same side (Chess Terminology). White (Black) has a Strong Castle if his Home Side (HOS:) is constituted by three Home Pawns (HOPA:) not doubled (i.e. situated on three different files) and linked (i.e. belonging to the same rank or protecting itself mutually). The presence of some minor pieces like a Knight in f3 (f6) or a Bishop in g2 (g7) reinforce the castle. Major pieces may also play a complementary role. At all events, the numbers of friendly figures able to join the castling quickly, in the event of need, to protect it, is an essential element to take into account (Classical Chess Theory). White (Black) has a Weak Castle if his Home Side (HOS:) is constituted by less than three Home Pawns (HOPA:) (0, 1 or 2) or if this pawns are doubled or not linked. The absence of defensive minor pieces, like a Knight in f3 (f6) or a Bishop in g2 (g7) weaken the castle. Moreover, the absence on this wing of Major pieces, especially the Queen, may also play a complementary role (Classical Chess Theory). Castling is a special type of chess move. It's a combined move of King and Rook; when castling we simultaneously move our King and one of our Rooks. Both pieces move to new squares, along the 1th rank for White and the 8th rank for Black. This move breaks down in two elementary moves : (CCT II - "Moving Figures §D"). Cat & Mouse Playing Chess: «Cottonball and Little Cheeser decided to settle their differences in a more diplomatic way» (Chess & Life). Strictly speaking the Center is constituted by the four squares of the chessboard: d4,e4,d5,e5. This squares play a fundamental role in the Classical (CCT:) and Modern (MCT:) Chess Theory. In the classical point of view, it is essential to occupy the Center. At the opposite, in the modern approach it is essential to control the Center without necessarily occupying it. Let us add that figures reach their greatest influence in the center or near it (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). Very often we need to extend the concept of Center. Like this, by center it is usual to understand both files d, e. But it is also convenient to call (Large) Center the set of the four files: c, d, e, f (NCT II - "Chessboard geometry"). A Center Lever is a lever (see: Lever) occupying center files (d & e-files). Then e4-d5 and d4-e5 are center levers (NCT X - "Chess pawn structure I" - Hans Kmoch's Terminology). A Center Pawn is a pawn situated on center files (d & e-files); in other words if it is a d-pawn or a e-pawn (considering that a side may own many d-pawns or/and many e-pawns) (NCT X - "Chess pawn structure I" - Hans Kmoch's Terminology). It is usual to say that White (Black) has a Perfect Center if his central pawns d,e are situated in d4,e4 (d5,e5). In Classical Chess Theory (CCT:) such a pawn structure is presented like an ideal and the objective of the majority of classical chess openings is precisely (at least in theory) for each camp to succeed in constituting a Perfect Center (especially for White) and to handicap, as much as possible, the formation of such a center by the opponent (especially for Black) (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). White (Black) has a Strong Center if this center is constituted by Strong Pawns generally partially occupying the Opponent Half-Chessboard (OHCH:) and controlling some of its central squares. It happens that a central file (d or e) is open; in this case this one is necessarily under White (Black) control (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). White (Black) has a Weak Center if this center is constituted by Weak Pawns (bad pawn structure) generally having an insufficient control of some central squares. It happen that a central file (d or e) is open; in this case, this one is often under opponent control... Anyway, the judgment of weakness is a global one. (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). In particular during the Deep Middle Game (DMG:) it is rather easy to locate the place where set the most significant controntation between both armies. It is usual to say that it is a battle. This one is a Center Battle if it is mainly concentrated on the files c,d,e,f (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). The Old Benoni Center is the elementary pawn structure: d5,e4-c5,d6. In many analysed games of the type: Old Benoni Defense A43 we show the significance of this structure and singularly of the King Air Lock (KIAL:) e4-d6.
You will find an illustrative example in: 
Larsen, Bent - Browne, Walter [A43-o7*] Hastings (9), 1972 -
Chess-Theory Analyzed Game No 063; this pawn formation happens with: 9.e4
and changes only after: 17...e6, 19.dxe6 (New Chess Theory - NCT XI - "Chess pawn structure II"). Centerswap: A capture on the center (d & e-file), between center pawns, producing a double pawn (Modern Chess Theory - Hans Kmoch's Terminology).
«Playing Chess in Central Park
photo.net
© copyright 1995 philg@mit.edu (Chess Practice today - Chess & Life). The Centralization consists in playing a piece offseted, in border of the chessboard, by bringing it closer to the center, to give it a greater radiation (Classical Chess Theory). A Pawn Chain, or simply a chain is a set of two or more connected pawns of the same camp, situated diagonally (i.e. belonging to a unique diagonal). In a pawn chain each pawn protects the following (Chess Terminology - NCT XI - "Chess pawn structure II"). A Chain Lever is constituted by adjacent levers in a diagonal formation, where the respective headpawns attack the base of the opposing chain. An example is: e5,f4-f6,g5 (Hans Kmoch's Terminology - NCT XI - "Chess pawn structure II"). Chatrang: «Explanation of Chess and arrangement of Vin-Artakhshir - Translation by J. C. Tarapore, Vijârishn I Chatrang, Bombay, 1932»
«* Chatrang * «With that game of chess were sent 1200 camels loaded with gold and silver and jewels and pearls and clothes, 90 elephants which carried selected things came with them and Takhtritus, who was the vizier among the Indians, came with them.» (Chess History - Chess Mythology). Che Guevara looking carefully to a Chess game: Che Guevara's photograph during a Chess Olympiad in Havana (Cuba). (Chess History - Historical Chess Photograph). Cheapo: A phrase coined by U.S. Master Dr. Karl Burger, who has won a large percentage of his games by such a maneuver; a move which threatens something so obvious that only an idiot would fall for it, and he does (Chess Pratice - see: www.edcollins.com/chess/glossary.htm). Check express a situation where after the legal half-move of a chessplayer the opponent King is directly attacked. It is then an obligation, for the opponent, to take away the King from the attack. Three types of responses are in principle available: (Chess Rule). A Double Check happens when it results of the last half-move of a chessplayer that two of his pieces simultaneously attack the opponent King. Generally there is in the same time a simple check (by one of both pieces) and a discovered check (by the other) (Chess Terminology). A Discovered Check occurs when a player, by moving a piece, uncovers another piece of his figures attacking the opponent King (Chess Terminology). A Checkmate is a check to which the attacked King is unable to escape from it. Then this is the end of the game. The attacking player is declared the winner and the opponent (that whose the King has been put in checkmate) lost the game. The result is usually noted 1-0 if White wins the game and 0-1 if Black wins it. Obviously generally the player having a losing play prefers to give up before being surprised by an humiliating checkmate! (Chess Terminology). A Chess Clock is a special clock designed to note time for both players during a chess game. The Chess Clock has two faces; one for each side. Equal amount of time is registered for both players. When, for example, it is White's turn to move, Black pushes a button down and white's time begins to wind down. While White time is setting, Black time is stopped, and vice versa (Chess Practice - see: Allentown Center City Chess Club - Chess Dictionary). Chess (Lyric) in London: «Pictures - Chess in London» «Chess (Lyric) in London - Pictures: Chess in London - Chess on Brodway - Concert Tour» (Chess and Music). Chess Methodology contains all methods, all modus operandi useful for a good Chess understanding (Chess Learning). Chess Training assigns modern approach of Chess learning, chess formation and pedagogy; in particular in Chess schools and camps (Chess Learning).
«Uncommon Chicago - Chess Table
Chess Tables (Chess Practice Today - Chess & Life). A chessboard is constituted by a square board compound of 64 squares, organized like it's indicated on the following diagram, representing the empty chessboard, in
DIAG 1 :
Hence any square is defined with the help of a letter and a numeral. That way : the e2-square is the intersection between the e-file and the 2th rank ; in other words it's the only square situated simultaneously on the e-file and the 2th rank. In the same way the g5-square is the intersection between the g-file and the 5th rank. (Chess Terminology - Chess Rule). Chess in the Cinema - Schach im Kino: «The Luzhin Defence - 2000»
«The Luzhin Defence - 2000 Jahr 2000 Regie Marleen Goris Darsteller John Turturro Emily Watson Fabio Sartor 04.11.2004» (Chess Practice Today - Chess & Life - Chess Passion). Opening ECO Classification: It is the classical directory of chess openings in 500 items named Xuv where X=A, B, C, D, E, u=0, 1, 2,...,9 & v=0, 1, 2,...,9. For example C89 corresponds to X=C, u=8, v=9. All game classified Xuv is said a Xuv-Opening; thus all game classified C89 is a C89-opening (Chess Practice). ECB (ECO Codes Base) Classification: It is a new type of classification, more precise but being based on the precedent. Its working is enough sophisticated and deserves some explanations. Let us consider an ECO-opening noted Xuv. Initially is made an inventory of all the lines of play Xuv explored during these 40 or 50 last years. Among these very numerous variations are highlighted some main lines and are chosen corresponding Pivot Games (see: Pivot Game). Each specific line (variation) is denoted: etc... and all this lines are grouped around the varied pivot games, each one corresponding to a possible variation of a (at least in principle) single pivot game (New Chess Theory - NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). Dynamic Chess Classification: It is not naturally in our purpose to neglect the fundamental ECOC: "ECO (Encyclopedia of Chess Opening) Classification". Our DYCC: "Dynamic Chess Classification" is not at all of the same nature and don't lay claim to the same significance. And, to cut a long story short, we specify now that each Chess Game category encountered here will be illustrated, in many future pages, on this site, by typical games. Emphasizing the most significant stage of a given chess game - your best one for example, or your last one or all other ! - you may try to recognize of what type it is, in conformity with criteria presented in:
DCC - Dynamic Chess Classification (DYCC:)
Chess games may be classified in 7 categories, according to the way the «energy» concealed into one's own character sudenly radiates through the chessboard: 1o) Quick Divergency Game (QDGA:) 2o) Slow Divergency Game (SDGA:) 3o) Damped Divergency Game (DDGA:) 4o) Unstable Game (UNGA:) 5o) Balanced Game (BAGA:) 6o) Exhausted Game (EXGA:) 7o) Aborted Game (ABGA:) (New Chess Theory - NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). A Clearing Out Sacrifice is a sacrifice having for objective to make free an obstructed strategic line. Sometimes the sacrificed piece is obstructing this line but it happens equally that the line is obstructed by an enemy piece; in this case the intention is to deviate this one and the move is a Deviation Sacrifice (DESA:) (Classical Chess Theory - NCT VI - "Chess move classification"). Closed is used by oposition to Open and refers to the obstruction to Lines, Position, Game by pawns of both camps (Chess Terminology). Closeup of the players, c.1997. ©-free: «the chess pieces-- the skyscraper, queen of global corporate capital... bishops which broadcast the mass media message... knights transmitting power... and rooks, telecommunications satellite dishes... to the frontline pawns, the streetlights of the enlightened consumers for whom this war is waged--»
«Closeup of the players, c.1997. ©-free» (Chess Practice Today - Chess & Life - Chess Passion). A Combination is a relatively brief suite of moves, more or less forced, realized in view to obtain a concrete advantage (material advantage, better positional play, free lines, active pieces, initiative etc...). Thus in a combination one player has the initiative of this suite of moves and the opponent cannot always refuse this sequence and, this way, has a more passive role (Chess Terminology). A combination is a False one if its result is a disadvantage (in other words is an advantage for the opponent!) (Chess Terminology). One recognizes a Right Combination by the fact that the initiator of this move sequence gets an advantage such as it is not clear that he could get a better one by another way (Chess Terminology). A right combination is said a Deep one if it is difficult to find and if the corresponding move sequence reveals, with the initiator, a very deep and clear vision of the position (Chess Terminology). In particular through the Deep Middle Game (DEMG:), and especially after complicated combinations, intervene important dissymetries, in the position, including advantages and disadvantages. Then it is essential for each player to recognize existing Compensations, in view to justify his choices (Chess Terminology). In a given game, a player has a Dynamic Compensation if, for his sacrificed material, he obtains a sufficient initiative and, in fact, a better game (spatial advantage, free lines, active pieces, tactical or strategic perspectives etc...). We propose you a clear example in the game:
Tal, Mihail - Benko, Pal [A43-a***] Candidate Tournament Bled,
Zagreb/Belgrade (14), 1959 - Chess-Theory Analyzed Game No 063;
after the sequence: 16.e5! b4! 17.Ne4 Nxe4 18.Rxe4 Bxa4
Tal has effectively a Dynamic Compensation for the sacrificed pawn. (Chess Terminology). In a given position, White (Black) has a Dynamic Compensation, according to the above definition (Chess Terminology). In a given position, White (Black) has a sufficient Compensation (Chess Terminology). In the meaning of above definitions it happens that White (Black), initiator of a combination, particularly in a material sacrifice, reaches a play weaker than before. In this case he has an Insufficient Compensation (Chess Terminology). Compound formation is a Hans Kmoch's expression for all complex pawn formation constituting by many elements (Modern Chess Theory - Hans Kmoch's Terminology). [ Download | Zoom | Stash | Track Artist | Vote | Report ] Highlighted! This skin received the highlighted award from ArtUproar.com! Given by: doreen On: May 16th, 2006 Featured! This skin has been featured on ArtUproar.com for superior quality! Given by: rainyday On: May 16th, 2006 Review: scissorshands, continues to demonstrate skill as an excellent artist, unafraid to try new things and and develop new styles. An encouragement and ispiration for all. Copyright © scissorshands, All Rights Reserved. (Chess Practice today - Chess Computer - Chess & Art). Concentration: By Richard Earl Thompson - Stretched Canvas Size: 18" x 24" - Canvas Art Prints.com
«Concentration (Chess and Painting - Chess & Art). Conditional Backwardness: is evoked about that is backward only in certain respects (Modern Chess Theory - Hans Kmoch's Terminology). By Connected Pawns we means a pawn formation constituted by pawns of the same color situated on adjacent files and able to protect each other (Chess Terminology). Connected Passed Pawns: Passed pawns which are connected (Chess Terminology). White (Black) Rooks are Connected or doubled if they are on the same rank or the same file without any piece between them; in other words if they are able to protect each other (Chess Terminology). In particular in a closed game it is sometimes useful to play a Consolidation Move in view to reinforce his position (Chess Terminology). It is convenient to say that two pieces are in Contact in the two following cases: Contemporary Chess Set: «The Style of Chess... Yep - Blogger Name: GMI Jean Luc Chabanon Location: Paris 11, France Title: Grand Maître International d'Échecs»
«Damien Hirst (Mental Escapology) The notion of Control is a fundamental key of chess understanding. But curiously this term is absent of a great number of traditional glossaries found on the Web. Our intention is to study this concept very accurately in the New Chess Theory (NCT:). All notion of control is based on the elementary notion of control of an alone square. This square may be under White or Black control according to each position. The control of a sector (see: Sector) or zone (see: Zone) of the chessboard is the resulting from the control of each square of this sector or zone (Classical & New Chess Theory). Let us consider a given square A=(i,j) (we mean the intersection between the i-file (i=a,b,c,...h) and the j-rank (j=1,2,3...8). We name n-Time Control the fact that a camp disposes of n different pieces abble to reach this square in one move. In this accounting a battery (see: Battery) pointing to the A-square may be considered for two. In "Chess-Theory Analysed Games" many concrete situations are studied. Let us notice more that the fact to occupy or not this square doesn't intervene at all in the control estimation (contrarily to a common opinion!) (New Chess Theory). We say that a given square A=(i,j) is Under White Control if the White nTCO of A is stricty higher than those of Black. In the same way, we say that A is Under Black Control if the Black nTCO of A is stricty higher than those of White (New Chess Theory). The Coordination between pieces (figures and pawns) of a camp is another significant feature of a given position. One may easily recognize if White (Black) is Well Coordinated WWCO: (BWCO:) or if, at the contrary, White (Black) is Bad Coordinated WBCO: (BBCO:) (Classical Chess Theory). Correspondence Chess is playing chess by post, by e-mail or on a server (Chess Practice - Chess Terminolog). Counter-Attack: In response to an attack of the adversary, an aggressive action generally organized on another front. Checking the opponent's King is a particular form of counter-attack, as it is possible to see in some openings. You find a typical example in the Semi-Slav, Meran Defense, Stahlberg variation [D49-q] : 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 c6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Bd3 dxc4 7.Bxc4 b5 8.Bd3 a6 9.e4 c5 10.e5 cxd4 11.Nxb5 Nxe5 12.Nxe5 axb5 13.Qf3
The last White move is an aggressive answer; the White's Queen attacks directly the unprotected a8-Rook and simultaneously creates a potential threat on the f7-pawn. Nevertheless the classical Black's retort is: 13...Bb4+ (Chess War Terminology - NCT XVI - "Offensive strategy"). A Counter Play is an active manner to play in response to an aggressive play of the opponent. Thus a counter play may be interpreted like a counteroffensive in military terminology (Chess Terminology). A Counter Gambit is a sacrifice of a pawn or a piece in response to a gambit. Many counter gambits are classical and appear in the Chess Opening Theory (COTX:) (Chess Terminology). A Counterpawn of a pawn P situated on the (i,j)-square is a pawn Q of the opposite colour, on the i-file, able to block it; in clear: Cover means pratically the same that Control (Chess Terminology). In the New Chess Theory a Point means a Square. This point is in fact the center of the corresponding square. Let us consider a Point P=(i,j), intersection between the i-file and the j-rank. We say that P is a Critical Point under the following conditions: (New Chess Theory - NCT IX - "Critical lines & points"). By Line we mean a file, a rank or a diagonal of the chessboard. There is 46 lines on the chessboard. Let us consider such a line L. In a given position, L is said to be a Critical Line or a Force Line if are realized the following conditions: (New Chess Theory - NCT IX - "Critical lines & points"). In a chess game, each half-move is a significant choice. Nevertheless it occurs sometimes that a choice is particularly essential. In this case we say that this one is a Critical Choice (Chess Terminology). A Critical Position occurs in a game, generally during the Deep Middle Game (DEMG:) but sometimes later, when there is a great Energy dissipated on the chessboard and that it seems that a very minor changing could tip over all the game in a direction or another. Critical positions are very complicated and particularly difficult to interpret correctly... This is a central theme of future developments of the New Chess Theory. (New Chess Theory - NCT IX - "Critical lines & points"). Cross Lever: refers to four immediately and directly opposing pawns, forming two levers interlaced. Like, for example: d4,e4-d5,e5. (Modern Chess Theory - Hans Kmoch's Terminology). A Cross-Check is a check in reply to a check. This situation occurs in particular during the Queen Endgames (Chess Terminology). Cuba (playing Chess in Cuba): Historical Chess Picture: Bobby Fischer and Fidel Castro's photograph - Bobby Fischer and Fidel Castro analysing a position during a Chess Olympiad in Havana (Cuba). (Chess History - Historical Chess Photograph). Chess Cube: (Chess Practice Today - Chess & Life - Chess Passion). By Current Chess Theory we want to say both usual theories: the Classical Chess Theory (CCT:) elaborated by Tarrasch and Steinitz and the Modern Chess Theory (MCT:) which borns with works of Nimzovitch and Reti (Chess Terminology).
The
Chess-Theory Glossary is presented on 25 pages.
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