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Obstruction: Any action whose result is to block one or more important lines for the adversary (Chess Theory). Obstructive Move: A move, generally of a pawn, having the objective to block off a line (file, rank or diagonal) usuful for the opponent (Chess Terminology). Obstrutive sacrifice: A sacrifice having for objective to block off a line (file, rank or diagonal) usuful for the opponent (Chess Terminology). First a piece occupies a square when it is positioned on it. Sometimes one use also this term to express that a given figure control a line, by saying it occupies this line. (Chess Terminology). Odds: A method of using a handicap in chess. Rook-odds means that one player removes a Rook before the start of the game. Pawn-and-move odds means that one player removes a pawn and also takes the Black pieces, thereby allowing the opponent to move first (Chess Practice - see: IBM: www.research.ibm.com/ - Chess Glossary). Official Rules of Chess: Official FIDE publication setting forth the Laws of Chess (Chess Practice - see: Chess-Poster.com - Chess Glossary). Old Islamic Chessmen Historical: «Some examples of realistic images in Islamic artistic works Human and animal images in Islamic art were not as rare as we will see.» «We must distinguish Islamic religious art, destined to Holy Mosques, Holy Books (Kur'an), Sacred Places, from secular art with objects ordered by the rich of the time for personal amusement, pleasure, display and grandeur.» «Chessmen belonged from the very beginning to the category of goods and tools made for amusement and pleasure. We have many examples of lslamic defiance of the prohibition of images in secular. Among them, I cite the realistic figurations found in Qusayr Amrah (Red Casle), east of Amman. This building was one of the famous desert palaces which were really "retreats for and other princely pleasure." In this castle the interior is completely covered with wall paintings: on the west we see an image of a Caliph seated on a throne with two attendants at his side, above is a herd of wild asses and below acrobats and a semi-nude girl emerging from a bathing pool. On the south wall six figures identified as the Kings of the World including those of Bysanzium, Persia, Abyssinia, Spain (the Visigote ruler Roderic) are shown offering submittance to the Islamic lord, the Caliph.» «Another astonishing testimony is that of Khirbat al Mafjar at Jericho (Jordan), where stucco decorations with floral and geometrical motifs are developed together with figures of fantastic animals and even sculptures of six topless ladies. The entrance to the Palace was graced with stuccos of dancers and "animals, winged horses, dog-headed ,senmurvs, and an armoured warrior".» (Chess and Art - The Art of Chess). Old Chess photograph: Anne Sullivan and Helen Keller playing Chess, 1900 - «In this picture, taken in 1900, Helen and Anne are playing chess. Helen is about to move a white queen. She has already captured one of Anne's black pawns, which is to the right of the board.» «Helen's hair is pulled into a single braid, down her back. She is wearing a long, dark dress with a high collar and sleeves that puff out from the shoulder to the elbow.»
«Old Chess photograph (Chess Practice - Chess & Life - Chess Photography). Open File: According to Ludek Pachman's ideas, a file is open for White (Black) if the friend pawn of this file has disapeared. This definition is justified by the fact that then major White (Black) pieces, controling this file, make pression on the opposite camp, via this file, and indeed particularly on enemy pawns occupying it (Chess Terminology - According to Ludek Pachman's ideas). An Open Game is a game where figures may go round easily. The main characteristic is the existence in such a game, during the Middle Game, of: This attempt at elucidation is only one stage intermediate. We work currently on this question and will return on it very soon (Current Chess Theory & New Chess Theory). An Open (Tournament) is a particular type of tournament in which any class of player can participate (Chess Practice). Totally Open File: An Open File without any pawn of both camps; in this case either a side menages to take the total control of the column, which is almost a pledge of victory, or then the opposed side is able to take the opposition, on this file, and one can arrive to a general exchange of the major pieces. But, many other intermediate situations can occur and it is advisable to examine individually Show Games (SHG:), as we will do it on this site (Chess Terminology - Chess Classical & Modern Theory). When an Open File Fight occurs in a chess game it is indeed one of the most important and decisive phases of the evolution of the game. We shall study on this site many concrete examples. Let us notice that for us "fight" means the battle for the control of the file; and the "attack" on the controlled file occurs later on, like a consequence of success in the first stage (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). Obstructed Open File: An open file voluntarily obstructed by pawns or minor pieces in view to thwart its occupation and control by opponent's heavy pieces. We will give many examples of this situation (Current & New Chess Theory). i-Open File Attack: We are particularly interested by studying closely how a file opens and how an attack is organized concretely on this one. We will give precise & concrete studies related to each file: i=a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h. Here is a first example; its a victorious attack on the h-file, carried out by Artur Jussupow (White) against Rafael Vaganian (Black): 
Jussupov, Artur - Vaganian, Rafael [A43-u7*] URS-ch47 Minsk (2), 1979 -
Chess-Theory Analyzed Game No 064 Jussupow follows a clear Plan (PLAN:) and 15.Qf3
reveals without any doubt his intentions on the kingside. But this is mainly with the cosistent move sequence 17.g4, 18.Rg1 ... 22.Rg3
that the attack takes form. Later 26.h4, 27.hxg5
open the h-file. Finally 30.Rxh7
illustrates the full success of this strategy (NCT - Chess-Theory Analysis). For all integer (i.e. whole number) n we name: n-Opening or n-Beginning all play line which: Then, a n-Position is the resulting position, on the chessboard, after that a n-opening has been played. Thus, 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 is a 3-opening and the resulting 3-position is clearly represented in our mind, I presume!? Now let us benefit from this example to bring a useful precision. That is to say, let us choose an integer m strictly higher than n. We will say that a m-opening prolongs (or is a continuation of) the n-opening considered if the first n moves of White and Black are strictly the sames in both openings and played rigorously in the same order. Thus, the 4-opening: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 is clearly a continuation of the above 3-opening (NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). The ECO-Classification is the classical directory of chess openings, presented in 500 items denoted Xuv where X=A, B, C, D, E, u=0, 1, 2,...,9 & v=0, 1, 2,...,9. For example C89 corresponds to X=C, u=8, v=9. All game classified Xuv is said a Xuv-Opening; thus all game classified C89 is a C89-opening. This time we consider a n-beginning. This one may be envisaged like a game suddenly stopped, for a reason or another. Then we say that this n-opening is an Xuv-opening if it is its right classification like a game. (NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). At each stage of a Chess game it is usual to attribute its own theory. Like this we say commonly there is three different theories in chess: the Opening Theory, the Middle game Theory and naturally the Endgame Theory. It is not at all our opinion. First, what is usualy said to be the "Opening Theory" is not a theory but just a practice. It is clearly the result of an experimentation! Effectively the Chess Opening Theory (COTX:) is the result of the study of lines of play, this ones being repertoried and classified, in particular in the famous Encyclopedia of Chess Openings (ECOX:) . But also in other specialized works or other supports like: Opening Theoretical Phase: It has to do with the very first moves of the game and go on as far as you are following a line identified by the theory and anayway played rather many times (NCT IV - "Unfolding of a game"). Opening Speculative Phase: This one begins when the line of play followed by both players is not indexed any more, at this stage, in great theoretical works; and, in parallel, when the number of known games taking this way falls below a certain threshold. But it is more complicated that this!... On one hand it is obvious that games of grandmasters and masters are more significant than those produce by players of lower level; and on the other hand a correspondence game or a game played according to a slow cadence has flagrantly a greater value than a blitz for example! Finally many other factors intervene. Like this, even two granmasters during a keen game, and there is all the charm of chess, may be suddenly involved in a not very advisable variation!... Many other observations of this kind are possible, so that any conclusion is more than delicate! (NCT IV - "Unfolding of a game"). Opening Critical Phase: This one takes place when people find any more (secure) reference concerning the current position of a chess game played by two opponents (grandmasters, masters or simple players). Again it is clear this notion is quite relative. We have to add also that it is possible, according to usual move inversions, to escape from the Knowledge Field (KNFX:) and to enter in it again some moves later! ... Nevertheless, when we escape definitively the Knowledge Field (KNFX:) the fist following move played is usually called a "Novelty"! An ultimate remark is that all considerations in this subject are relative to the level of both players; in particular it is usual that grandmasters consider firstly games played by other ones... and grant only little interest to those produce by players of lower level (NCT IV - "Unfolding of a game"). Opening ECO Classification: It is the classical directory of chess openings in 500 items denotes Xuv where X=A, B, C, D, E, u=0, 1, 2,...,9 & v=0, 1, 2,...,9. For example C89 corresponds to X=C, u=8, v=9. All game classified Xuv is said a Xuv-Opening; thus all game classified C89 is a C89-opening. (Chess Theory - Chess Practice). ECB (ECO Codes Base) Classification: It is a new type of classification, more precise but being based on the precedent. Its working is enough sophisticated and deserves some explanations. Let us consider an ECO-opening noted Xuv. Initially is made an inventory of all the lines of play Xuv explored during these 40 or 50 last years. Among these very numerous variations are highlighted some main lines and are chosen corresponding Pivot Games (see: Pivot Game). Each specipic line (variation) is denoted: etc... and all this lines ares grouped around the varied pivot games, each one corresponding to a possible variation of a (in principle) single pivot game (NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). Totally Pure Opening: This concept is relative to a given item Xuv (X=A, B, C, D, E, u=0, 1, 2,...,9 & v=0, 1, 2,...,9) of the ECO Classification. Let us consider now an integer n and a n-beginning (i.e. n-opening) noted O. We say that this beginning O is a Xuv-Totally Pure Opening if the two following conditions are realized: The corresponding n-position is designed like a Xuv-Totally Pure Position. Formulate this way this condition express a great stability of such an opening. A priori the matter is here the stability with respect to the ECO-classification (extrinsic property) but, many often, this one express moreover a coherence with some principles, and hidden ideas, completely in conformity with the opinion asserted in a famous work by Reuben Fine (intrinsic properties). It is possible to say that a n-opening O is a Totally Pure Opening without specifying the referenced type of opening Xuv; but this one nevertheless is clearly difined and then implied. (NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). Let us consider again an item Xuv of the ECO-classification and a n-opening, noted O. This biginning is said to be a Xuv-Quasi Pure Opening if the three following conditions are realized: The corresponding n-position is designed like a Xuv-Quasi Pure Position. It is possible to say that a n-opening O is a Quasi Pure Opening without specifying the referenced type of opening Xuv; but this one nevertheless is clearly difined and then implied. (NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). Let us consider again an item Xuv of the ECO-classification and a n-opening, noted O. This biginning is said to be a Xuv-Relatively Mixed Opening if the three following conditions are realized: The corresponding n-position is designed like a Xuv-Relatively Mixed Position. It is possible to say that a n-opening O is a Relatively Mixed Opening without specifying the referenced type of opening Xuv; but this one nevertheless is clearly difined - in spite of the fact that, in this case, it is not necessarily unique! - and then implied. (NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). A given n-Opening, noted O, is said to be a Strongly Mixed Opening if the two following conditions are realized: The corresponding n-position is designed like a Strongly Mixed Position. It is essential to understand that a Strongly Mixed Opening, by nature, is not referenced to a specific ECO-opening. (NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). A given n-Opening, noted O, is said to be a Chameleon Opening if the two following conditions are realized: The corresponding n-Position is designed like a Chameleon Position. It is essential to understand that a Chameleon Opening, by nature, is not referenced to a specific ECO-opening. (NCT V - "Opening new understanding"). The Opening Repertoire of a player is a set of openings that this player has particularly studied and is playing usually An Opening Book is a book or encyclopedia especially devoted to the openings. A Opening Library is a library dedicated to Chess opening and accordingly constituted by opening books (Chess Terminology - Chess Practice). Bishops of Opposite Color: When a game reaches the Deep Middle Game and more often still during the Endgame it happens that each camp has a single Bishop and that these are of different color. In this case chances to draw the game are often strong, even with a difference of one or two pawns. (Classical Chess Theory). Opposite Side Castles: It is the situation where a camp castling on the kingside and the other on the queenside. In this case one has very often a battle on both sides of the chessboard, each player trying to reach the initiative by privileging the attack (Classical Chess Theory). Opposite Side Battle: A side (White or Black) is engaged in an action on the kingside while the other camp privileges an action on the queenside. This situation occurs very often, in particular in the case of Opposite Side Castles. (Classical Chess Theory). During the Full-Endgame (FENG:), in particular in Pawn Endgame (PAEG:), it occurs frequently that both Kings are confronted directly one with the other. In this case, the Opposition (to the opponent King) permits at a King to block the advance of the other and results owing to the fact that: The White King being on the (i,j)-square, the Black King is in Direct Opposition on the (i+2,j)-square and in Diagonal Opposition on the (i+2,j-1) or (i+2,j+1)-square (and symmetrically if both Kings are switched) (Classical Chess Theory). Orientation: The way the chessboard is positioned. In the correct position, each player has a white square in his right corner (Chess Rule). Journal of a Chess Original: «Paperback -165p From the back cover: Take a tour through the mind, the games, and the literary pen of chess' answer to Ralph Waldo Emerson as he wins, loses, entertains, and plays 1.e4!? during his Mid Life crisis!
«Journal of a Chess Original - (Chess books - The Art of Chess). Original Chess Set: «Copyright © 2002 Steven Nanton Nikon Coolpix 5000 1/60s f/5.7 at 10.5mm iso100 with Flash full exif other sizes: small medium original previous | next» «All photos are copyright © Steven Nanton and cannot be used without written permission.» (Chess Practice Today - Chess & Life - Chess Passion). Outer Lever: In the Hans Kmoch's vocabulary, a lever where the capture would move away from the center (Modern Chess Theory - Hans Kmoch's Terminology). Outer Swap: In the Hans Kmoch's vocabulary, a capture towards the side (of the board) that produces a double pawns (Modern Chess Theory - Hans Kmoch's Terminology). Outflanking: An endgame maneuver with Kings which makes forward progress on the board while: A Outpost is, for a side a Hole (see: Hole) in the enemy position; in other words a safe square, near or in opponent territory, that is protected by friend pawns or pieces, which may be occupied by one of your pieces (Classical Chess Theory). An Outside Passed Pawn is a passed pawn, on the flank, which is far from other pawns on the chessboard (Chess Terminology). Over the board: An expression describing Chess games that are played when the opponents are face to face. Over the board is used by opposition to Chess by correspondence or over the Internet. (Chess Practice - see: Allentown Center City Chess Club). A Overextended Position occurs sometimes after a failed offensive or advance; such a position owns generally many weakness without sufficient compensations (Classical Chess Theory). When a figure must ensure too much of tasks of procection you say he is overloaded. Then he loses a great part of his liberty of action. According to her powerful the Queen is able to protect many pieces; but it is precisely the importance of her role which explains why she is often in situation of overload. About the Overloading of a figure, the case of the Queen is particularly crucial because her powerful, her value, and consequently her vulnerability. If a Overload Queen is attacked and has to change her place, to leave the line of attack, certain tasks of protection will not be accomplished any more. The overprotection, according to Nimzovich's ideas, is certainly the best solution for this problem. (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). When a Rook must ensure too much of tasks of procection this piece is overloaded. Then it loses a great part of its liberty of action. But this case is not so characteristic that for the Queen. (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). When a Knight must ensure too much of tasks of procection this piece is overloaded. Then it loses a great part of its liberty of action. But this case is not so characteristic that for the Queen. Nevertheless let us notice this particularity: generally pieces or pawns protected by an attacked Knight are not situated on the attack trajectory. (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). When a Bishop must ensure too much of tasks of procection this piece is overloaded. Then it loses a great part of its liberty of action. But this case is not so characteristic that for Queen, Rook or Knight. We add that a Bishop having a significant role of protection is often limited in its action. The case the most favorable is when a Bishop protects and is protected by a friend pawn of the same color, whereas it controls a free diagonal. (Classical & Modern Chess Theory). According to Nimzovich's ideas, the Overprotection consists to reinforce the protection of his most significant pieces to prevent all enemy attack. Let us notice that the Overprotection is a practical application of the general principle of Prophylaxis The Overprotection is also the best way to stay clear from the Overloading of his pieces. (Modern Chess Theory). Overworked Piece: means: Overload Piece (see: Overload) (Chess Terminology).
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